碟形弹簧垫圈:用于受控预紧的堆叠曲线

碟形弹簧垫圈:用于受控预紧的堆叠曲线
作者 BQUQ Engineering Team 审核 BQUQ Quality Engineering 2026年7月10日 更新于 2026年9月11日 次阅读 ISO 9001:2015 认证工厂

碟形弹簧垫圈:用于受控预紧的堆叠曲线

简短回答:碟形弹簧垫圈是一种锥形盘簧,能在极小的轴向空间内提供高作用力,其载荷-挠度曲线可通过几何形状进行调节——仅将碟片部分压平,曲线保持陡峭;或将锥高设计为厚度约 1.4 倍,弹簧可在较宽的挠度范围内保持近乎恒定的作用力。碟片并联堆叠,作用力按碟片数量倍增;串联堆叠,则挠度倍增。这使碟形弹簧垫圈成为螺栓预紧、热膨胀补偿及高载荷短行程工况的标准解决方案。

碟形弹簧垫圈——工程师也称之为盘簧或锥形垫圈——看起来像是一个压入锥形的普通垫圈。这个简单的锥形就是一个精密弹簧:其外缘支撑在一个支座上,内缘支撑在另一个支座上,压平锥形即产生载荷。由于整个碟片沿圆周承受压缩,单个小垫圈即可承载需要大型螺旋弹簧才能承受的作用力,而碟片堆叠可在任一方向上倍增其行为。本指南解释载荷曲线、堆叠计算、材料以及防止碟形弹簧堆叠在使用中失效的设计规则。

载荷-挠度曲线与 h/t 比值

碟形弹簧垫圈的决定性特征是其非线性载荷-挠度曲线,而该曲线的形状由一个比值决定:锥高 h 除以材料厚度 t。当 h/t 低于约 0.4 时,碟片行为几乎呈线性,如同刚性垫圈弹簧。当 h/t 升高至约 1.4 时,曲线出现一个宽平区域,载荷几乎保持恒定而挠度持续增加——即著名的恒力行为。将 h/t 推高至约 2.8 以上,曲线出现下降段:超过峰值后,载荷实际上随挠度增加而下降,碟片可能从一个稳定形状突跳到另一个稳定形状。这种突跳在某些翻转机构中是一种特性,在其他机构中则是一种危险,因此 h/t 比值必须刻意选择,绝不能偶然决定。

h/t 比值曲线形状典型用途
低于约 0.4近乎线性刚性垫圈、消除间隙、轻预紧
约 0.4 至约 1.3渐进、渐陡通用碟形弹簧、定刚度堆叠
约 1.4平坦平台、近乎恒力恒载荷夹具、补偿器
高于约 2.8下降段、可能突跳突跳/翻转动作;正常预紧应避免

对于大多数螺栓连接和短行程工况,设计者会保持在从线性到中等渐进的范围内,或在载荷不得随零件磨损或膨胀而漂移时,刻意选择平坦区域。锥高的微小变化会显著移动曲线,这就是为什么碟形弹簧按严格的自由高度公差制造,以及为什么弹簧公差标准的讨论对碟形弹簧垫圈比对许多其他弹簧形式更为重要。

堆叠:并联、串联与混合

一个碟片给出一条曲线。堆叠以简单的加法方式改变结果。将碟片以相同方向堆叠——峰对峰——它们并联分担载荷:总作用力按碟片数量倍增,而每个碟片的挠度保持不变。将它们交替方向堆叠——峰对谷——它们串联作用:挠度按碟片数量倍增,而载荷保持不变。混合堆叠将并联组与串联组结合,以实现单一碟片尺寸无法提供的力和行程。

配置总载荷总挠度使用时机
单个碟片Fs空间极小,一个碟片足够
n 个碟片,并联n × Fs相同行程下需要更大作用力
n 个碟片,串联Fn × s相同作用力下需要更大行程
m 个并联组 × n 个串联m × Fn × s作用力和行程均超过单个碟片

两点实际注意事项。首先,并联堆叠中的碟片只有在高度匹配时才能分担载荷,因此它们总是作为匹配组供应和组装,即便如此,除非使用平垫片,否则最先压平的碟片会承担不成比例的份额。其次,碟片之间的滑动会产生摩擦和滞后——下行载荷读数低于上行载荷——这就是为什么堆叠作用力通常在润滑条件下规定,以及为什么动态应用需要正确的堆叠数量而非乐观估计。如果疲劳是关注点,在最终确定堆叠前,请根据我们的弹簧疲劳寿命设计指南中的指导,审查每个碟片的挠度限制。

材料、尺寸与表面处理

碟形弹簧由弹簧带材和板材冲压或机加工而成,然后进行淬火和回火。标准欧洲系列是 DIN 2093,定义了外径从约 6 mm 到 250 mm、厚度从约 0.2 mm 到 14 mm 的公制碟形弹簧;常用材料是铬钒钢(51CrV4),因其强度和疲劳性能,特殊环境则使用不锈钢和高温合金。

材料连续工作温度备注
铬钒钢 51CrV4 / 6150约 200-250°CDIN 2093 默认,疲劳性能好
碳钢(Ck67 等)约 120-150°C经济型,室内使用
302/301 不锈钢约 250-300°C耐腐蚀
17-7PH / Inconel350°C 及以上高温、腐蚀性介质

表面处理与基材同样重要。正常工况下采用磷化或镀锌防腐蚀,动态应用中对受拉面进行喷丸处理,因为碟形弹簧的失效源于内外边缘的疲劳裂纹,那里弯曲应力集中。定型(组装前将碟片压平一次或多次)可提高尺寸稳定性,是精密堆叠的标准做法——这与弹簧行业用于锁定工作曲线的预压逻辑相同。

螺栓连接与短行程工况的设计规则

对于螺栓预紧,碟形弹簧堆叠位于螺栓头或螺母下方,在连接沉降、垫片蠕变或温度循环改变零件长度时保持夹紧力。设计顺序很短:确定连接所需的预紧力,决定堆叠必须吸收的松弛行程,然后选择碟片和堆叠布置,使其在工作挠度下的载荷在整个行程范围内保持高于最小夹紧力。由于碟形弹簧载荷可调至近乎平坦,精心选择的堆叠在温度循环中保持连接力的稳定性远优于弹性体或软螺旋弹簧。将碟片在轴上或孔内以适度间隙引导,保持支撑面平整平行,并在动态堆叠中润滑界面以控制摩擦损失。除非设计有意使用压平位置,否则持续工况下切勿将碟片加载超过压平状态,因为该区域边缘应力急剧上升,随之而来的是松弛和疲劳。

何时碟形弹簧垫圈是错误选择

碟形弹簧垫圈以高作用力、短行程和紧凑轴向空间赢得其地位,但它们不是通用弹簧。与螺旋弹簧相比,它们每单位成本提供的挠度较小,因此任何需要大行程的应用更适合螺旋弹簧或压缩弹簧组件。它们还通过小的边缘接触传递载荷,因此非常软或非常高循环的工况需要仔细的边缘处理。而且,虽然 h/t 曲线是设计资产,它也是一个陷阱:未检查 h/t 比值而选择的碟片,在设计者假设线性时可能表现为渐进、平坦或突跳。在图纸上明确指定碟片尺寸、h/t 等级和堆叠布置,并让工厂在弹簧试验机上验证曲线,而不是假设目录行为在您的工作点成立。

生产前验证碟形弹簧堆叠

碟形弹簧堆叠应以其使用方式进行验证:将组装好的堆叠加载到校准的弹簧试验机上,并将工作挠度下的测量力与规定曲线进行比较。碟形弹簧的典型载荷公差约为 ±10-15%,取决于规定的等级,且公差适用于组装后的堆叠,而不仅仅是单个碟片——这就是为什么匹配组在并联配置中很重要。两项额外检查可捕捉仅靠几何形状无法发现的失效。首先,测量上行和下行载荷:两个读数之间的较大差距是碟片间的摩擦和滞后,它告诉您润滑和表面处理是否足以应对动态工况。其次,确认堆叠在使用中从未达到压平位置,除非设计有意如此,因为接近压平时的应力上升是松弛和边缘开裂的开始。

对于动态应用,在批准设计前,根据推荐的疲劳极限审查每个碟片的挠度,喷丸处理和边缘处理应在图纸上确认而非假设。尺寸检查应属于同一首件检验:堆叠的自由高度、端部碟片的平行度,以及碟片内孔与其引导轴或套筒之间的间隙,因为与引导件的边缘接触是过早失效的常见原因。每批提供挠度-载荷测量数据,并标记任何会移动曲线的材料或热处理变化的供应商,是预紧关键设计所需的合作伙伴。

常见问题

问:碟形弹簧垫圈与普通垫圈有什么区别?

答:普通垫圈是静态分配载荷的平垫片。碟形弹簧垫圈是锥形的,起弹簧作用:在载荷下挠曲、储存能量并恢复,因此它可以保持预紧、吸收热运动或提供受控作用力,而普通垫圈只是放置在那里。

问:如何堆叠碟形弹簧垫圈以获得更大作用力或更大行程?

答:将碟片以相同方向堆叠为并联作用,作用力按碟片数量倍增而挠度不变;交替方向为串联作用,在相同作用力下挠度倍增。当需要更大作用力和更大行程时,将并联组串联组合。

问:碟形弹簧垫圈的 h/t 比值意味着什么?

答:它是锥高除以材料厚度,决定载荷-挠度曲线的形状:低比值行为近乎线性,比值接近 1.4 给出平坦的恒力区域,比值高于约 2.8 可能产生下降载荷和突跳行为。请为您的应用刻意指定。

问:碟形弹簧垫圈可用于高循环动态载荷吗?

答:可以,但需正确设计:将每个碟片的挠度保持在推荐的动态范围内,对受拉面进行喷丸处理,并引导堆叠以防止边缘载荷。并联堆叠中碟片间的摩擦也会导致滞后,因此润滑和匹配碟片组是可靠动态设计的一部分。

问:有哪些标准碟形弹簧垫圈尺寸可供选择?

答:DIN 2093 公制系列涵盖外径约 6 mm 至 250 mm、厚度约 0.2 mm 至 14 mm 的碟形弹簧,最常用铬钒钢。当空间要求需要时,非标准尺寸通过冲压或机加工加淬火回火生产。

相关资源

  • 您应该使用哪种弹簧类型?——在确定前比较碟形弹簧与螺旋、波形和板簧形式。
  • 定制弹簧产品——来自东莞源头工厂的压缩、碟形和特种弹簧。
  • 关于 BQUQ——一家 ISO9001 认证工厂,在东莞运营弹簧、冲压、CNC 和散热器生产线。
  • 联系我们——发送您的载荷、行程和空间要求,在 12 个工作小时内获得弹簧堆叠报价。

由 BQUQ 工程团队撰写。BQUQ 是一家位于中国东莞的 ISO9001 认证源头工厂,在同一屋檐下运营 CNC 加工、金属冲压、定制弹簧、散热器和夹头生产线。将图纸发送至 sc@bquq.com 或 WhatsApp +86 13713157787,在 12 个工作小时内获得报价。www.bquq.com



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