冲压电池极耳:锂离子电池的材料与连接

冲压电池极耳:锂离子电池的材料与连接
作者 BQUQ Engineering Team 审核 BQUQ Quality Engineering 2024年11月21日 次阅读 ISO 9001:2015 认证工厂

冲压电池极耳:锂离子电池的材料与连接

简短回答:锂离子电池极耳是一种冲压导体,将电芯电流引出壳体,其材料必须兼具高导电性和与电极的可焊接性。镀镍钢和纯镍适用于电阻焊和超声波焊接至极耳和汇流排,铝极耳匹配正极侧的铝塑膜箔材,铜极耳匹配负极侧。厚度通常为0.05–0.3 mm,需要时电镀1–3 µm,连接方法——超声波、激光或点焊——与金属本身同样重要。设计极耳时应宽而短,以降低电阻和发热。

每个锂离子电芯至少有两个极耳:一个焊接在正极箔材上的正极耳,一个焊接在负极箔材上的负极耳,两者都向外延伸,将电芯连接至保护电路、汇流排或下一个电芯。这些极耳是冲压件,其材料、厚度和连接方法决定了电芯能输出多少电流、连接处产生多少热量以及电池组能使用多久。本指南涵盖冲压电池极耳背后的材料和制造逻辑。

电池极耳必须实现的功能

极耳同时面临三项要求。

  • 以低电阻承载电流,使电芯不受限流且连接处不发热。
  • 可靠地焊接至电极箔材,而电极箔材通常只有几微米厚。
  • 在电池组寿命期内承受机械和热应力,包括振动、热循环和偶发故障电流。

电阻是首要考虑因素。过薄或过长的极耳会增加电芯内阻的毫欧值,表现为负载下的电压跌落和连接处发热。第二个考虑因素是焊接:铝和铜比钢难焊接得多,错误的工艺会产生薄弱或高电阻的连接,随时间推移而失效。

材料:使极耳与电极匹配

极耳材料必须与其连接的电极在电气和冶金上兼容。正极箔材通常为铝;负极箔材通常为铜。这决定了基材的选择。

极耳材料导电率(% IACS)匹配电极典型厚度备注
镀镍钢~14%均可(通过镀层)0.05–0.2 mm圆柱电芯常用,可焊接
纯镍~23%均可0.05–0.3 mm导电性更好,成本更高
铝 1060/1070~61%正极(铝箔)0.05–0.2 mm匹配软包正极,轻
铜 C11000~101%负极(铜箔)0.05–0.2 mm匹配负极,导电性最高
镀镍铜~90%均可0.05–0.2 mm兼具两者优点,用于高电流电芯

镀镍钢是圆柱和方形电芯的主力材料,因为钢强度高、成本低且易于焊接,而镍镀层使其与铝箔兼容并耐腐蚀。软包电芯通常直接使用铝和铜极耳,因为薄箔材与极耳的焊接受益于金属匹配。

连接方法

连接占极耳价值的一半。完美的极耳若连接不当,其性能不如连接良好的普通极耳。

方法最适合优势局限
超声波焊接箔材至极耳,铝和铜无熔化,低热量需要良好夹紧,工具磨损
激光焊接极耳至汇流排,高速快速、精确热影响区,飞溅
电阻点焊钢/镍极耳,小电芯便宜、简单不适用于厚铝/铜
焊接原型、小批量容易、可返工热量传入电芯,助焊剂残留

超声波焊接是将极耳连接至箔材的标准方法,因为它无需熔化即可连接,避免损坏脆弱的电芯化学体系。激光焊接对于模组中的极耳至汇流排连接快速且精确。无论采用何种方法,极耳表面状态——清洁、必要时电镀、无氧化物——决定焊接质量。我们的压接和焊接极耳说明和电池接触件指南涵盖了相关的接触侧。

厚度、电镀与电阻

极耳厚度是电阻与可焊接性之间的权衡。薄极耳易于焊接至箔材但承载电流较小;厚极耳承载电流较大但更难焊接,并可能在连接处产生应力。

极耳厚度近似电阻适用
0.05 mm小电芯,低电流
0.10 mm中等消费类电芯,中等电流
0.15 mm动力电芯,高电流
0.20–0.30 mm最低高倍率电池组,汇流排连接

电镀有两个目的:防腐蚀和可焊接性。钢或铜上的镍镀层(1–3 µm)提供一致可焊且抗氧化的表面。未电镀的铜会迅速失去光泽并变得难以可靠焊接,因此高电流铜极耳通常镀镍或在成形后立即焊接。电阻应通过组装后极耳的四线测量来确认,而非根据图纸假设。

安全与寿命设计规则

几条规则可确保极耳安全且寿命长。

  • 保持极耳短而宽。电阻与长度成正比,与宽度成反比,因此短宽极耳优于长窄极耳。
  • 避免极耳根部的尖锐内角。应力集中在那里,振动疲劳裂纹从尖角开始。
  • 提供应变消除。电芯与汇流排之间的成形弯曲或轻微环圈可吸收振动和错位。
  • 注意焊缝周围的热影响区。过度焊接会使极耳变脆并降低其疲劳寿命。
  • 在设计中要求时使用熔断特性。一些极耳包含窄颈,在故障电流下充当受控失效点。

大多数极耳是在连续模上从卷料冲压而成,这保持了低单位成本和尺寸一致性。电镀可在冲压前在卷料上进行(经济),或在冲压后选择性进行(仅接触区需要电镀时)。BQUQ在东莞从镍、镀镍钢和铜合金冲压电池极耳、接触件和压接件。将图纸发送至sc@bquq.com,12个工作小时内报价。

常见问题

问:锂离子电池极耳由什么材料制成?

答:常见极耳使用镀镍钢、纯镍、铝或铜。选择取决于极耳连接的电极:铝极耳匹配铝正极箔材,铜极耳匹配负极箔材,镀镍钢与两侧均焊接良好。

问:电池极耳应该多厚?

答:大多数极耳厚度为0.05–0.3 mm。较薄的极耳易于焊接至箔材但承载电流较小;较厚的极耳承载电流较大但更难焊接。根据电流确定厚度,然后通过电阻测量确认。

问:为什么电池极耳使用镍镀层?

答:镍镀层防腐蚀,并使表面可焊接且一致。未电镀的铜会迅速失去光泽并变得难以焊接,因此使用电镀或新成形的极耳以保持连接质量稳定。

问:哪种焊接方法最适合电池极耳?

答:超声波焊接是将极耳连接至箔材的标准方法,因为它无需熔化即可连接,避免损坏电芯。激光焊接常用于极耳至汇流排连接,点焊适用于小电芯上的钢和镍极耳。

问:如何降低电池极耳的电阻?

答:使极耳短而宽,因为电阻与长度成正比,与宽度成反比。使用导电性更高的材料如铜,选择足够厚度,并确保焊接接头清洁且成形良好。

相关资源

由BQUQ工程团队撰写。BQUQ是位于中国东莞的ISO9001认证源头工厂,在同一屋檐下运营CNC加工、金属冲压、定制弹簧、散热器和夹头生产线。将图纸发送至sc@bquq.com或WhatsApp +86 13713157787,12个工作小时内报价。www.bquq.com



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