冲压散热器翅片:拉链翅片与折叠翅片设计

冲压散热器翅片:拉链翅片与折叠翅片设计
作者 BQUQ Engineering Team 审核 BQUQ Quality Engineering 2024年11月25日 次阅读 ISO 9001:2015 认证工厂

冲压散热器翅片:拉链翅片与折叠翅片设计

简短回答:冲压散热器翅片有两种制造方式。拉链翅片是冲压成带有互锁凸舌的扁平条带,然后折叠成密集的翅片堆叠并粘合到基板上——提供1.0–1.5 mm的翅片间距和高表面密度。折叠(蛇形)翅片由一条连续条带来回折叠而成,通常间距为1.5–3.0 mm,无需粘合步骤。两者均使用厚度为0.2–0.8 mm的铝或铜条带,翅片高度公差约为±0.05 mm,间距公差为±0.1 mm。BQUQ在东莞使用级进模冲压这两种型材,并在12个工作小时内报价。

为什么选择冲压翅片而不是挤压或压铸散热器?

挤压散热器是低成本自然对流应用的默认选择,但它们存在极限。根据合金和挤压机的性能,挤压模具实际可生产的翅片厚度与高度比约为1:8至1:13。超过这个比例,翅片会撕裂或模具磨损。这限制了您在15–20 mm高度上大约1.5–2.0 mm的翅片,对于30 W LED模块来说没问题,但对于150 W逆变器级来说则无望。

冲压翅片打破了这一比例限制。由于翅片由薄条带成型而非通过模具挤压,您可以在20 mm高度上使用0.3 mm的翅片——比例约为1:66。这是单位体积表面积的另一个级别。

代价是需要粘合或组装步骤。冲压翅片堆叠不是整体的;翅片必须连接到基板或热管。这个连接处是大多数现场故障的根源,因此它值得与翅片几何形状本身一样多的设计关注。

属性挤压压铸冲压拉链/折叠
典型翅片厚度1.5–3.0 mm1.5–2.5 mm0.2–0.8 mm
典型翅片间距3–8 mm4–10 mm1.0–3.0 mm
翅片高度限制~13× 厚度~8× 厚度~60× 厚度
模具成本中等低–中等
模具交货时间4–8周6–12周2–5周
最佳适用低成本自然对流结构外壳密集强制风冷、热管

关于铸造和冲压何时更胜一筹的更深入比较,请参阅金属冲压与压铸对比

什么是拉链翅片散热器?

拉链翅片散热器最初是一条扁平的冲压条带。模具冲压出翅片轮廓,以及沿一个或两个边缘的一组互锁凸舌——赋予设计名称的“齿”。然后将条带以拉链模式折叠,使每个翅片直立,其凸舌与相邻翅片啮合。

结果是自支撑的翅片块。翅片保持平行且均匀间隔,无需单独的间隔物,因为凸舌机械地设定间距。这是关键优势:间距精度来自模具,而非组装技能。

拉链翅片几何规则

  • 翅片间距:1.0–1.5 mm可实现,但要求干净的剪切和良好的条带平整度。1.5–2.5 mm是舒适的生产范围。
  • 翅片厚度:铝0.2–0.5 mm,铜0.15–0.4 mm。更薄的翅片增加表面积但降低刚度,使折线容易开裂。
  • 凸舌啮合:凸舌应重叠至少0.3 mm。低于此值,堆叠在搬运过程中可能张开。
  • 折弯半径:保持内半径等于或大于0.5倍条带厚度。更小的半径会导致6061和加工硬化铜出现橘皮裂纹。
  • 翅片高度:典型8–35 mm。超过35 mm,无支撑的翅片尖端对振动敏感。

拉链翅片的优势领域

当您需要在固定占地面积内最大化表面积,并且拥有可信赖的粘合工艺(环氧树脂、回流焊或铆压基板)时,拉链翅片是正确的选择。它们常见于电信远程无线电头、大功率LED阵列和服务器DIMM冷却,其中翅片间距是主要的热杠杆。

什么是折叠翅片散热器?

折叠翅片(也称为蛇形或手风琴翅片)散热器由一条连续条带来回折叠成褶皱堆叠而成。没有单独的翅片,也没有凸舌啮合——条带本身就是翅片,折叠设定间距。

当您希望消除翅片间连接的粘合步骤时,这是首选设计。堆叠是一个整体,因此不存在翅片与相邻翅片脱粘的风险。您仍然需要将堆叠连接到基板或热管,但已消除了一种故障模式。

折叠翅片几何规则

  • 翅片间距:1.5–3.0 mm。折叠翅片很少低于1.5 mm,因为折弯半径消耗间距预算。
  • 翅片厚度:0.15–0.4 mm。更薄的条带折叠更干净,但在压缩下会变平。
  • 折弯半径:0.4–0.8倍条带厚度。这是最重要的变量——太紧会开裂,太松会浪费间距。
  • 翅片高度:6–40 mm。折叠翅片比拉链翅片容忍更高的堆叠,因为连续条带增加了刚度。
  • 基板接口:通常是底部折弯上的平脚,通过焊接或热粘合到基板。
参数拉链翅片折叠翅片
翅片间距范围1.0–2.5 mm1.5–3.0 mm
条带厚度0.2–0.5 mm0.15–0.4 mm
翅片间连接冲压凸舌连续条带
与基板粘合需要需要
间距精度驱动因素模具凸舌几何形状折弯工具半径
最佳适用最高表面密度稳健性、更少接头

冲压翅片的材料选择

铝1050、1100和6061是主力材料。1050和1100提供最佳的导热性和最容易的折叠,但它们较软,在搬运过程中容易凹陷。6061更硬,在基板接口处加工性更好,但导热性大约低15–20%。

铜(C11000、C10200)导热性大约翻倍,但材料成本增加两倍,并且在折线处急剧加工硬化。如果指定铜,预计需要在成型阶段之间退火或接受更大的折弯半径。

合金导热系数 (W/m·K)成型性相对成本典型用途
Al 1050~230优秀折叠翅片、高密度堆叠
Al 1100~220优秀通用冲压翅片
Al 6061~170良好低–中等刚性堆叠、结构基板
Cu C11000~390一般优质散热、空间预算紧张
Cu C10200~390一般热管翅片堆叠

关于影响翅片平整度的条带硬度和卷宽决策,请参阅冲压卷材选择

翅片冲压的模具和冲模设计

翅片冲压是级进模工作。典型的拉链翅片模具运行6–12个工位:导正、切口、翅片轮廓冲裁、凸舌成型、折线压印、切断,通常还有模内折弯或下游单独的折弯夹具。

三个模具要点决定零件是否成功:

1. 翅片边缘的剪切质量。0.3 mm翅片上的毛刺是翅片厚度的可测量部分。它扰乱气流,更糟糕的是,在折弯处产生应力集中。对于铝,模具间隙保持在条带厚度的5–8%。

2. 折线压印。沿折线的一条浅压印槽使弯曲局部化并防止弯曲偏移。没有它,折叠翅片在100 mm堆叠上的间距漂移0.2–0.4 mm。

3. 条带平整度控制。任何卷材弯曲直接转化为翅片倾斜。指定每米弯曲小于1 mm,并验证来料卷材,而不仅仅是成品零件。

模具维护在这里比简单支架更重要。翅片边缘长、薄且不容忍。一个在2 mm支架上可以通过的磨损冲头,在0.3 mm上会产生撕裂的翅片边缘。根据冲程数计划预防性维护间隔,并跟踪毛刺高度作为领先指标。这类模具的成本结构在冲压模具成本分解中介绍。

冲压散热器翅片的DFM检查清单

在发布图纸之前运行此清单。

  • 翅片厚度 ≥ 0.15 mm;≥ 0.2 mm更适合搬运。
  • 翅片间距 ≥ 1.0 mm(拉链),≥ 1.5 mm(折叠)。
  • 折弯半径 ≥ 0.4倍条带厚度(拉链 ≥ 0.5倍)。
  • 翅片高度与厚度比低于60:1以确保生产稳定性。
  • 拉链翅片的凸舌重叠 ≥ 0.3 mm。
  • 指定毛刺高度,通常翅片边缘 ≤ 0.05 mm。
  • 单独标注基板接口平整度——通常0.05–0.1 mm。
  • 指定粘合方法(环氧树脂、焊料、铆压)并说明热阻目标。
  • 指定卷材硬度和弯曲度,不要留给供应商。
  • 首件检验计划涵盖间距、高度和毛刺。

BQUQ在东莞一家工厂的四条生产线上冲压这些组件的翅片型材、支架和安装硬件,当基板或热管接口需要比冲压更严格的公差时,可提供±0.005 mm的CNC加工。定制翅片型材在12个工作小时内报价,MOQ灵活,因此500件的热原型不需要量产承诺。

常见问题

问:拉链翅片和折叠翅片散热器有什么区别?

答:拉链翅片散热器由带有互锁凸舌的扁平冲压条带制成;条带折叠使凸舌啮合并机械地设定翅片间距。折叠翅片散热器是一条连续条带来回折叠,因此根本没有翅片间连接。拉链翅片达到更密集的间距;折叠翅片更坚固。

问:冲压散热器翅片实际能达到什么翅片间距?

答:拉链翅片在生产中达到1.0–1.5 mm间距,1.5–2.5 mm是舒适范围。折叠翅片通常为1.5–3.0 mm,因为折弯半径消耗间距预算。低于1.0 mm在实验室中可能,但在实际组件中通常因毛刺控制和气流阻塞而失败。

问:冲压翅片应选择铝还是铜?

答:铝1050或1100是默认选择——大约220–230 W/m·K,成本低,折叠性极佳。铜的导热性大约翻倍至约390 W/m·K,但成本显著更高,并在折弯处加工硬化,迫使更大的半径或阶段间退火。仅当热预算真正需要时才选择铜。

问:冲压翅片如何连接到散热器基板?

答:三种方法占主导:环氧树脂粘合、回流焊和铆压到带槽基板。环氧树脂最便宜但增加界面热阻并有温度上限。焊料提供最低热阻但需要兼容的镀层。铆压机械强度高且无需粘合剂,但需要带有匹配槽的机加工或铸造基板。

问:冲压翅片堆叠应指定什么公差?

答:指定翅片高度约为±0.05 mm,翅片间距为±0.1 mm,翅片边缘毛刺高度等于或小于0.05 mm。基板接口平整度通常单独标注为0.05–0.1 mm。比这些更严格可实现,但会急剧增加模具维护频率和检验成本。

相关资源

由BQUQ工程团队撰写。BQUQ(东莞)在一家ISO9001工厂内运行CNC加工(±0.005 mm)、金属冲压、定制弹簧和散热器生产。从中国东莞直接采购——12小时内报价:sc@bquq.com | WhatsApp +86 13713157787 | www.bquq.com



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