复合模冲压:定义、公差及适用场景
Aug 04,2026

复合模冲压:定义、公差及适用场景

复合模是一种在单次冲压行程中于单个工位内完成多种工序(通常为冲裁和冲孔)的冲压模具。当您的零件要求高平面度、精确的孔边距关系,且产量在10,000至1,000,000件之间,而级进模的成本无法合理分摊时,应选用复合模。

复合模工作的基本原理

复合模中,凹模固定板同时包含落料凸模和冲孔凸模。条料送入模具后,在压力机的一次向下行程中,制件从条料上被冲裁下来的同时,内部孔位也同步完成冲制。与级进模的关键区别在于,所有切削动作都在单个工位和单次行程中完成,条料在工序间无需移动。

在整个操作过程中,材料由卸料板保持平整。这种设计确保了制件保持完全平整,因为切削力来自两个方向且相互平衡。对于厚度在0.1毫米至6.0毫米之间的零件,复合模可将平面度控制在每50毫米长度0.02毫米以内,这优于级进冲压——后者因条料移动可能引起弯曲。

模具部件包括上模座、下模座、落料凸模、冲孔凸模、凹模镶件、卸料板和导正销。对于低碳钢,单边冲裁间隙通常为材料厚度的4%至8%;对于不锈钢,则为6%至10%。对于1.5毫米厚的SPCC钢板,建议的单边间隙为0.06毫米至0.12毫米。

关键对比:复合模 vs 级进模 vs 单工序模

选择模具类型需要分析零件几何形状、公差要求和生产批量。下表基于BQUQ 2004年至2025年的生产数据,提供了直接的工程对比。

参数复合模级进模单工序模
公差(孔边距)±0.01毫米±0.05毫米±0.10毫米
可达到的平面度每50毫米0.02毫米每50毫米0.05毫米每50毫米0.10毫米
生产速度40-80次/分钟200-600次/分钟20-40次/分钟
模具成本(美元)3,000-15,0008,000-40,0001,500-6,000
交货周期(周)3-56-102-4
适用批量1万-100万件10万-1000万件1千-10万件
材料利用率45-60%60-75%40-55%
零件尺寸限制200毫米 x 200毫米300毫米 x 300毫米500毫米 x 500毫米

复合模是一种在单次冲压行程中于单个工位内完成多种工序(通常为冲裁和冲孔)的冲压模具。当您的零件要求高平面度、精确的孔边距

对于中等批量生产,复合模提供了最佳的公差与成本比。其主要限制是零件尺寸,因为落料凸模必须安装在冲孔凸模内部。这种嵌套结构将最大零件尺寸限制在约200毫米乘200毫米。对于更大的零件,模具会变得过重,且压力机吨位需求会呈指数增长。

材料选择与模具寿命数据

材料选择直接影响模具寿命和可实现的公差。对于超过100,000件的生产批次,工具钢的选择变得至关重要。BQUQ对复合模部件使用以下材料:

对于落料凸模,我们使用经淬火至58-62 HRC并带有TiCN涂层的D2工具钢。对于厚度不超过2.0毫米的低碳钢,这种组合可实现每次刃磨间500,000至800,000次冲程的寿命。对于直径小于3.0毫米的冲孔凸模,我们指定使用62-64 HRC的M2高速钢,以抵抗弯曲。

凹模镶件材料取决于工件材料。对于铝合金(5052、6061),我们使用硬度为56-58 HRC的A2工具钢。对于不锈钢(304、316),我们使用硬度为88-92 HRA的硬质合金镶件。与D2钢相比,硬质合金凹模镶件可将模具寿命延长5至10倍,但会使模具成本增加30-40%。

卸料弹簧对稳定性能至关重要。我们使用额定循环次数至少为150,000次的氮气弹簧。卸料力必须为冲裁力的10-15%,以确保零件可靠脱模。对于在2.0毫米厚SPCC钢板上冲裁直径为50毫米的制件,冲裁力约为45吨,需要5-7吨的卸料力。

实际应用案例与公差数据

复合模是一种在单次冲压行程中于单个工位内完成多种工序(通常为冲裁和冲孔)的冲压模具。当您的零件要求高平面度、精确的孔边距

复合模在制造同轴度要求严格的零件方面表现出色。一个典型的应用是小型直流电机的电机铁芯。这些零件要求外径公差为±0.01毫米,中心孔公差为±0.005毫米,同轴度低于0.015毫米。复合模能可靠地实现这一要求,因为制件和孔是从静止的条料上同时冲切出来的。

另一个常见应用是垫圈生产。对于外径20.0毫米、内径8.2毫米的平垫圈,复合模每分钟可生产60件,毛刺高度低于0.03毫米。毛刺方向始终一致地出现在同一侧,这简化了后续的去毛刺工序(如果需要)。

散热器生产在底板落料工序中使用复合模。对于80毫米乘80毫米、厚度为3.0毫米的6061-T6铝制散热器底板,复合模可实现整个表面0.05毫米的平面度。这种平面度对于导热界面材料的涂覆和后续机加工操作至关重要。

冲压过程中的最高温度是一个关键参数。对于每分钟超过60次的高速冲压,模具表面温度可达120-150°C。此温度会影响润滑剂性能,并可能导致铝制零件出现咬合现象。我们建议对钢材使用氯化石蜡基润滑剂,对铝材使用低粘度矿物油,以将模具温度保持在100°C以下。

成本分析与盈亏平衡计算

决定使用复合模还是级进模取决于盈亏平衡产量。对于一个典型的带有4个孔和简单外形的零件,成本计算如下:

复合模是一种在单次冲压行程中于单个工位内完成多种工序(通常为冲裁和冲孔)的冲压模具。当您的零件要求高平面度、精确的孔边距

复合模模具成本:8,000美元。100,000件时的单件价格:每件0.35美元。级进模模具成本:22,000美元。100,000件时的单件价格:每件0.28美元。模具成本差异为14,000美元。单件节省为0.07美元。盈亏平衡产量等于14,000除以0.07,即200,000件。

低于200,000件时,复合模更经济。高于200,000件时,级进模更具成本效益。然而,此计算假设零件几何形状兼容两种模具类型。如果零件要求平面度公差低于0.03毫米或孔边距公差低于±0.02毫米,则无论产量如何,复合模都是唯一可行的选择。

二次加工会增加复合模的成本。如果零件需要攻丝、锪孔或弯曲,这些工序必须单独进行。每道二次加工会使单件成本增加0.05-0.15美元,并将交货周期延长2-5天。级进模可以整合这些工序,从而降低单件成本,但模具成本会显著更高。

模具选型的实用建议

对于最大尺寸低于150毫米、厚度在0.5毫米至4.0毫米之间的零件,当平面度要求严格时,请选择复合模。同步切削动作消除了在级进模中导致变形的条料弯曲力。

对于要求孔边距公差低于±0.02毫米的零件,务必使用复合模。切削过程中条料静止不动,确保孔的位置仅由模具几何形状决定,而非条料送进精度。级进模根据步距和导正系统不同,固有送料误差为±0.03毫米至±0.05毫米。

对于产量低于10,000件的生产,请考虑使用线切割单工序模。其模具成本节省50-60%,足以抵消较低的生产速度。对于超过1,000,000件的产量,请评估级进模或传递模。复合模的单工位设计限制了速度,并可能在高产量生产中形成瓶颈。

在设计用于复合模冲压的零件时,孔与边缘之间的最小腹板厚度应保持为材料厚度的2倍。对于1.0毫米厚的钢材,最小距离为2.0毫米。低于此值,凸模可能断裂或制件可能撕裂。此外,请在图纸上指定毛刺方向。复合模产生的毛刺位于凸模侧,通常是零件的底面。

结论与工程总结

对于要求严格公差和高平面度的扁平零件的中批量生产,复合模是最佳选择。与级进模相比,单次冲程操作提供了卓越的尺寸精度,且模具成本低40-60%。主要的权衡是较低的生产速度和约200毫米乘200毫米的最大零件尺寸限制。对于产量在10,000至1,000,000件之间、厚度在0.1毫米至6.0毫米之间的零件,复合模在精度、成本和交货周期方面提供了最佳组合。自2004年以来,BQUQ已制造了超过5,000套复合模,服务于汽车、电子和家电行业客户。针对您的特定零件几何形状,我们建议提交图纸进行可行性分析。我们的工程团队将在12小时内提供详细报价,包括模具成本、单件价格和交付计划。请通过 sc@bquq.com 或 WhatsApp +86 13713157787 联系我们。访问 www.bquq.com 获取更多案例研究和技术资源。

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