冲压二次加工:攻丝、铆接、成型与装配

要点速览

冲压后的二次加工:攻丝、铆接、附加成型与装配——成本、公差及何时在模具内完成。

冲压二次加工:攻丝、铆接、成型与装配
作者 BQUQ Editorial Team 审核 BQUQ Quality Engineering 2026年3月16日 次阅读 ISO 9001:2015 认证工厂

冲压二次加工:攻丝、铆接、成型与装配

简要回答:二次加工是指在模具完成其所能完成的工作后,对冲压零件进行的后续工序——攻丝、铆接或压接零件、添加料带无法支撑的成型特征,以及组装多个组件。这些工序会增加单件成本和公差风险,因此设计原则很简单:尽可能将每道工序集成到模具或料带中,只有模具确实无法完成的工序才留作二次加工。

级进模在切割和成型金属板材方面表现出色,但它有其局限性:无法在孔内加工螺纹,无法连接两个独立的零件,并且在需要材料沿料带无法送进的方向流动的特征上存在困难。这正是二次加工所填补的空白。了解哪些工序属于模具内完成,哪些属于模具后完成,以及每道工序的成本,是保持冲压件低成本而不牺牲功能的关键。

模具无法完成的工作——以及后续处理

某些特征在冲压模具内部实现是物理上不可能或不经济的。螺纹需要旋转工具;连接两个零件需要第二个组件;深拉延需要扁平料带无法提供的材料;任何比冲压行程耗时更长的工序最好在冲压机外完成。二次加工正是为这些情况而存在的。

所需特征可在模具内完成?若否,二次加工方案
螺纹孔大批量时可在模内攻丝冲压后攻丝或螺纹成型
连接两个零件否——需要第二个零件铆接、压接、冲铆、焊接
深拉延是,使用拉延工位多工位传递冲压或液压成型
靠近边缘的紧密折弯通常可以,使用成型工位独立成型压力机或四滑块成型机
热处理否冲压后批量炉处理
电镀否(带材电镀除外)冲压后滚镀或挂镀

要点:在模具设计前,将图纸上的每个特征分类为模具可完成或不可完成。需要二次加工的特征会改变零件的成本结构——一个螺纹孔可能使小型端子的处理成本翻倍——这应在报价中明确体现,而不是在首件检验时才发现。

攻丝:模内攻丝还是模后攻丝?

螺纹是冲压件最常见的二次加工,工艺选择是产量与公差的权衡。模内攻丝——攻丝头与冲压行程同步——以冲压速度形成螺纹,无需额外处理,但增加了模具复杂性和模具成本,适用于较薄板材(通常约2毫米以下)和小螺纹尺寸。模后攻丝通过专用攻丝机处理零件,单件成本较高,但使用标准、廉价的刀具。

因素模内攻丝模后攻丝
速度冲压速度,无需处理较慢,逐件送料
模具成本较高(攻丝头、工位)标准模具,独立机器
螺纹尺寸范围通常为小型至中型范围更广
材料厚度通常为薄板可至更厚材料
最佳产量高产量,每年10万件以上较低产量,多种尺寸

要点:模内攻丝在高产量时具有优势,因为它省去了整个处理步骤;模后攻丝在灵活性和低模具投资方面胜出。对于每年产量低于5万件且只有一个螺纹孔的零件,模具溢价很少能收回成本——在制造模具前,应同时获取两种方案的报价。

铆接、压接和冲铆:无需紧固件的连接

许多冲压组件实际上是多个必须合为一体的冲压件:带螺母的支架、焊接到载体的触点、在边缘连接的两个外壳半体。廉价且可靠的方法是机械连接——压入板材的自扣紧螺母、压接(通过冷成型将两块板材连接在一起)、冲铆(扩张螺柱或凸台以固定零件)和铆接。

方法连接方式典型应用
自扣紧螺母/螺柱压入板材,使金属位移薄板中的螺纹
压接两块板材冷成型在一起外壳、支架,无需紧固件
冲铆螺柱或凸台扩张以固定端子固定于塑料或金属
铆接(实心/自冲)独立铆钉变形锁定重型接头,高强度
点焊板材局部熔合钢制组件,快速且坚固

要点:连接方法决定了可拆卸性、强度和成本。压接和冲铆不增加零件,每个接头成本几乎为零;铆钉和紧固件增加零件和成本,但允许维修拆卸。根据维修需求——永久性或可维修性——来指定接头类型,供应商将选择该类中最经济的方法。

在料带外完成的成型工序

某些成型工序根本无法在料带上完成。零件尺寸超过模具宽度、需要材料从多个方向流动的成型,或会与相邻工位干涉的折弯,适合使用二次成型压力机或四滑块(多滑块)机器。这是一个实际的权衡:将成型移出模具会增加一个处理步骤,但可以缩小模具尺寸并提高昂贵的级进模的利用率。

情况模具内成型二次成型
零件适合料带,成型简单首选——单件成本最低仅在模具成本过高时
大型零件,一个小成型可考虑是——小型专用成型机
多方向成型模具内复杂滑块多滑块机器擅长
产量低于模具回收期—是,使用简单模具

要点:料带内成型在单件成本上总是比两次处理松散零件便宜——直到在料带内完成成型所需的模具复杂性超过第二台机器的成本。当图纸上有一个简单零件上有一个难处理的成型时,在假设模内成型更好之前,先要求两种方案的报价。

装配与公差累积

二次装配将冲压件与其他冲压件、塑料件或紧固件连接起来,每个连接都会增加公差。两个各自保持±0.1毫米公差的零件,在接口处装配后可能达到±0.2毫米,这对于机构件——铰链、闩锁、必须以特定力闭合的触点——来说至关重要。夹具和基准策略决定了最终产品中公差累积的多少。

装配步骤典型公差影响控制方法
压接两块板材位置±0.1–0.3毫米模具定位工装
冲铆端子通常±0.1毫米冲铆冲头基准
自扣紧紧固件位置±0.1–0.25毫米压力机工装,板材准备
铆接通常±0.2毫米以上夹具,铆钉质量
粘接位置良好,固化风险夹具+工艺控制

要点:设计装配体时,应使关键接口由一个基准控制,而不是由每个零件公差的累加控制。当冲压支架或安装座承载另一个组件时,安装特征公差应为严格公差,零件其余部分可放宽。

去毛刺、清洗与隐形工序

在电镀、焊接或装配之前,冲压件通常要经过一些隐形工序:去毛刺(机械、振动或电化学)、清洗,有时还包括应力消除。这些工序很重要,因为冲压产生的毛刺和油污会污染所有下游工序。振动去毛刺成本低,但可能使功能性尖锐边缘变圆;手工去毛刺精确但速度慢。控制计划应明确哪些边缘需要去毛刺,哪些必须保持锋利。

工序成本等级跳过风险
振动去毛刺单件成本低边缘变圆,介质嵌入
手工/边缘去毛刺中等人工成本,不一致性
电化学去毛刺较高化学控制
清洗/脱脂低电镀和焊接缺陷
应力消除中等成型后变形

要点:根据功能规划去毛刺——必须切割或夹持的锋利边缘保持锋利;承载电流或与绝缘体滑动的边缘需完全去毛刺。图纸应标注两者,因为未标注的边缘默认会被去毛刺,从而损失您需要的功能特征。

成本逻辑:将工序纳入报价

二次加工是冲压报价偏离您预期数字的地方,因此在报价时使其明确可见。发送图纸时,列出螺纹孔、压接接头、电镀和去毛刺要求——在询价阶段就对这些进行定价的工厂是在管理您的项目;而在首件检验时才发现的工厂是在管理自己的利润。在BQUQ,冲压线上的二次加工——从模内攻丝到冲压端子和触点的子装配——都与模具布局一起规划,并记录在随每批产品在ISO9001下交付的相同工艺流程图和检验报告中。

有图纸?12 小时内拿到工厂报价。
把 PDF/DXF/STEP 图纸发到 sc@bquq.com 或 WhatsApp +86 137 1315 7787,工程师审图后回复价格、交期与 DFM 建议(工作日)。

常见问题解答

问:冲压件最常见的二次加工是什么?

去毛刺和攻丝是最常见的两种。几乎每次冲压后都需要去毛刺,螺纹孔是最常见的附加特征。两者在规划时单件成本低,发现晚时成本高。

问:模内攻丝和模后攻丝哪个更便宜?

在高产量下,模内攻丝单件成本更低,因为它消除了处理步骤并以冲压速度运行。年产量低于约5万至10万件时,使用标准模具的模后攻丝通常在总成本上更优。

问:冲压件能否在没有二次加工的情况下获得螺纹?

可以,通过螺纹成型或大批量模内攻丝。螺纹成型将螺纹滚压入预冲孔中,无需切削,在延展性板材上快速且强度高。两种方案都应在模具设计时讨论,而不是之后。

问:什么是压接,何时应使用?

压接通过局部冷成型将两块金属板材连接在一起——无需紧固件,无需加热。用于外壳和支架中需要永久连接且零件绝不能分离,以及紧固件会增加成本和腐蚀风险的情况。

问:二次加工是否影响冲压件公差?

是的。每增加一道工序都会增加其自身的变差,装配特征会累积所有相关零件的公差。保持功能接口由单一基准控制,并放宽其他所有公差,以在不增加昂贵零件公差的情况下保持装配精度。

由BQUQ工程团队撰写。BQUQ是一家位于中国东莞的ISO9001认证源头工厂,在同一厂区内运营CNC加工、金属冲压、定制弹簧、散热器和夹头生产线。将图纸发送至sc@bquq.com或通过WhatsApp +86 13713157787联系,12个工作小时内获取报价。www.bquq.com



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