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当液冷成为主流:五金散热片在数据中心时代的角色进化
Jun 13,2026

当液冷成为主流:五金散热片在数据中心时代的角色进化

随着AI训练集群的单机柜功率突破50kW乃至100kW,液冷技术已毫无疑问地成为数据中心散热的主角。然而,液冷的普及并非宣判五金散热片的死刑,反而催生了新一代融合性散热硬件的需求。2026年,散热片在数据中心扮演着液冷伴侣、漏热吸收者和备份散热的三重角色。

冷板式液冷是当前最主流的方案,其基本结构是:一块铜或铝的冷板直接贴附于CPU/GPU上方,内部流过冷却液带走热量。但芯片周边的供电电路、内存和网络芯片仍主要依靠风冷散热,这些区域的散热任务便落在了散热片上。于是,“带翅片的冷板”应运而生。这类组件的主体是内部铣有微通道的液冷冷板,而冷板周边的非液冷区域则直接通过铲齿工艺延展出密集的铝散热片,由系统风扇吹风冷却。冷板与散热片由同一块金属加工而成,完全消除了接触热阻,也比分体式方案节省了系统Z高度。

浸没式液冷槽中,散热片的应用更为隐蔽却同样关键。在单相浸没冷却中,冷却液通常通过泵循环到外部换热器进行降温。这些外部换热器的核心元件往往就是大面积的铜铝散热片管束,只不过介质从空气变成了冷却液。针对浸没式系统,散热片的设计从优化气流转向优化液流,鳍片间距增大至3mm以上以减少流阻,表面通过化学蚀刻形成仿生鲨鱼皮微沟槽,诱导湍流强化换热。实验数据显示,这种液-液散热片管束的传热系数可达风冷方案的20倍以上。

不能忽视的是,液冷系统需要抗震的被动散热备份。一旦水泵故障或停电,冷板内的冷却液停止流动,芯片温度会在数秒内急剧上升。一种称为“相变储热散热片”的组件开始被集成到冷板上方。它由铝散热片和填充在密闭腔体中的石蜡/膨胀石墨复合相变材料组成。正常运行时,相变材料保持固态;液冷失效时,它吸收芯片热量熔化,在3~5分钟的应急窗口内将芯片温度控制在85℃安全线以下,为备用泵启动或系统降频争取时间。这类散热片本质上是一个“热电容器”,其储热密度可达200 J/g以上。

在数据中心冷却的棋盘上,散热片并未出局,而是与液冷深度融合,演化出复合功能组件。那些能够同时掌握微通道加工、铲齿成型、相变材料封装等多种工艺的散热片制造商,正在成为液冷时代的重要二级供应商,为冷板总成厂提供高附加值的关键半成品。


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